Contents

1. Arrays

While there are many kinds of collections in Python, we will work primarily with arrays in this class. We’ve already seen that the make_array function can be used to create arrays of numbers.

Arrays can also contain strings or other types of values, but a single array can only contain a single kind of data. (It usually doesn’t make sense to group together unlike data anyway.) For example:

english_parts_of_speech = np.array(["noun", "pronoun", "verb", "adverb", "adjective", "conjunction", "preposition", "interjection"])
english_parts_of_speech

array(['noun', 'pronoun', 'verb', 'adverb', 'adjective', 'conjunction',
       'preposition', 'interjection'], dtype='<U12')

Returning to the temperature data, we create arrays of average daily high temperatures for the decades surrounding 1850, 1900, 1950, and 2000.

baseline_high = 14.48
highs = np.array([baseline_high - 0.880, 
                   baseline_high - 0.093,
                   baseline_high + 0.105, 
                   baseline_high + 0.684])
highs

array([13.6  , 14.387, 14.585, 15.164])

Arrays can be used in arithmetic expressions to compute over their contents. When an array is combined with a single number, that number is combined with each element of the array. Therefore, we can convert all of these temperatures to Fahrenheit by writing the familiar conversion formula.

(9/5) * highs + 32

array([56.48  , 57.8966, 58.253 , 59.2952])

Array Arithmetic

Arrays also have methods, which are functions that operate on the array values. The mean of a collection of numbers is its average value: the sum divided by the length. Each pair of parentheses in the examples below is part of a call expression; it’s calling a function with no arguments to perform a computation on the array called highs.

highs.size

4

highs.sum()

57.736000000000004

highs.mean()

14.434000000000001

1.1. Functions on Arrays

The numpy package, abbreviated np in programs, provides Python programmers with convenient and powerful functions for creating and manipulating arrays.

import numpy as np

For example, the diff function computes the difference between each adjacent pair of elements in an array. The first element of the diff is the second element minus the first.

np.diff(highs)

array([0.787, 0.198, 0.579])

The full Numpy reference lists these functions exhaustively, but only a small subset are used commonly for data processing applications. These are grouped into different packages within np. Learning this vocabulary is an important part of learning the Python language, so refer back to this list often as you work through examples and problems.

However, you don’t need to memorize these. Use this as a reference.

Each of these functions takes an array as an argument and returns a single value.

Function

Description

np.prod

Multiply all elements together

np.sum

Add all elements together

np.all

Test whether all elements are true values (non-zero numbers are true)

np.any

Test whether any elements are true values (non-zero numbers are true)

np.count_nonzero

Count the number of non-zero elements

Each of these functions takes an array as an argument and returns an array of values.

Function

Description

np.diff

Difference between adjacent elements

np.round

Round each number to the nearest integer (whole number)

np.cumprod

A cumulative product: for each element, multiply all elements so far

np.cumsum

A cumulative sum: for each element, add all elements so far

np.exp

Exponentiate each element

np.log

Take the natural logarithm of each element

np.sqrt

Take the square root of each element

np.sort

Sort the elements

Each of these functions takes an array of strings and returns an array.

Function

Description

np.char.lower

Lowercase each element

np.char.upper

Uppercase each element

np.char.strip

Remove spaces at the beginning or end of each element

np.char.isalpha

Whether each element is only letters (no numbers or symbols)

np.char.isnumeric

Whether each element is only numeric (no letters)

Each of these functions takes both an array of strings and a search string; each returns an array.

Function

Description

np.char.count

Count the number of times a search string appears among the elements of an array

np.char.find

The position within each element that a search string is found first

np.char.rfind

The position within each element that a search string is found last

np.char.startswith

Whether each element starts with the search string
5. Sequences 2. Ranges